- Tempo of reform increased rapidly during tanzimat (reorganization) era.
- Wanted capitulations lifted and Ottoman sovregnty recovered.
- Using French legal system as guide promagulated a commercial code, penal code, mantime code, and a new civil code.
- Also safe-guarded the rights of the Ottoman subjects.
- During young Turk era, emporer Abd al-Hamid forced to accept constitution that limited his authority.
- Within a year he suspended the constitution.
- Janissares protested; Mahmud had them massacred.
Economic
- Volume of trade declined in Ottoman empire because European merchants increased circumventing Ottoman intermediaries.
- Ottoman artisans and craftworkers led urban riots to protest foriegn imports because there was pressure on them to produce manufactured goods.
- Ottoman empire became financially dependant because Europe financed the construction of railroads, utilities, and mining enterprises.
- 1882- was unable to pay interest on its loans and had to accept foreign administration of its debt.
Religious
- Educational reforms undermined the Wama, who controlled religous education for Muslims.
- Religous conservatives argued that reforms posed a threat to the empire's Islamic foundation.
- Devout Muslims opposed legal equality to Jews and Christians.
Social
-Military decline meant troops suffered breakdown, no longer backbone of the empire.
- Mahmud wanted a European style army.
- He undermined the power of the Ulama.
- Young Ottomans desired individual rights and a constitutional government.
- Young Turks, called for universial suffrage, secularization of state, and free public education.
Intellectual
- Mahmud II created new secondary education.
- Newly established scientific, technical, and military schools.
- No more mosque schools.
(Technology)
- Ottoman forces were behind European armies in strategy, tactics, weaponry, and training.
Near Geographic
- In 1800, empire ruled the North African coast, present day Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Iraq, and the area around Mecca.
- By 1977, they had lost Northern Algeria, Romania, and Greece.
- By 1914, they had lost the rest of their African territory and Bulgaria, leaving them with Turkey, Iraq, and the Mecca area.
Ottoman Empire, 1750-1914
Political
- Tempo of reform increased rapidly during tanzimat (reorganization) era.- Wanted capitulations lifted and Ottoman sovregnty recovered.
- Using French legal system as guide promagulated a commercial code, penal code, mantime code, and a new civil code.
- Also safe-guarded the rights of the Ottoman subjects.
- During young Turk era, emporer Abd al-Hamid forced to accept constitution that limited his authority.
- Within a year he suspended the constitution.
- Janissares protested; Mahmud had them massacred.
Economic
- Volume of trade declined in Ottoman empire because European merchants increased circumventing Ottoman intermediaries.- Ottoman artisans and craftworkers led urban riots to protest foriegn imports because there was pressure on them to produce manufactured goods.
- Ottoman empire became financially dependant because Europe financed the construction of railroads, utilities, and mining enterprises.
- 1882- was unable to pay interest on its loans and had to accept foreign administration of its debt.
Religious
- Educational reforms undermined the Wama, who controlled religous education for Muslims.- Religous conservatives argued that reforms posed a threat to the empire's Islamic foundation.
- Devout Muslims opposed legal equality to Jews and Christians.
Social
-Military decline meant troops suffered breakdown, no longer backbone of the empire.- Mahmud wanted a European style army.
- He undermined the power of the Ulama.
- Young Ottomans desired individual rights and a constitutional government.
- Young Turks, called for universial suffrage, secularization of state, and free public education.
Intellectual
- Mahmud II created new secondary education.- Newly established scientific, technical, and military schools.
- No more mosque schools.
(Technology)
- Ottoman forces were behind European armies in strategy, tactics, weaponry, and training.Near Geographic
- In 1800, empire ruled the North African coast, present day Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Iraq, and the area around Mecca.- By 1977, they had lost Northern Algeria, Romania, and Greece.
- By 1914, they had lost the rest of their African territory and Bulgaria, leaving them with Turkey, Iraq, and the Mecca area.